Fortified, by the system.

Portugal · Douro · since 1638 Kopke

The oldest Port house in the world. Nicolau Kopke and his son Cristiano — Hanseatic League representatives newly arrived in Portugal — set up the Porto trading house in 1638; first shipments date to that year, vineyard acquisition in the Douro followed in 1781. Kopke acquired Quinta de Sao Luiz at Tabuaco in 1922, which remains the production base. Since 2006 the house has operated under the Sogevinus group.

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Spain · Jerez · since 1837 Fernando de Castilla

Two centuries supplying grapes and wine to the Jerez sherry trade before they ever bottled under their own name — Bodega Rey Fernando de Castilla is the Andrada-Vanderwilde family's eventual move into production, formalised in 1837. Brandy de Jerez was added from 1956. In 1999 the bodega was acquired by Norwegian Jan Pettersen — formerly fifteen years at Osborne — who has since revitalised production focused on traditional sherry methods.

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Spain · Andalucía · since 1729 Alvear

A venerable PX solera bottling from a bodega that has been working chalky albariza in Montilla-Moriles since 1729. Bodegas Alvear is Spain's oldest continuously-operating winery, and the Alvear PX 1927 is the headline bottle from the historical PX criaderas-and-solera system.

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Spain · Andalucía · since 1729 Alvear

Naturally sweet PX with no fortification required — the sun-dried Pedro Ximenez grapes stop fermentation before all the alcohol is produced. Alvear in Montilla, Cordoba, has worked chalky albariza soils since 1729, one of Spain's oldest wine companies. The full solera-method range runs Fino, Amontillado, Oloroso, Cream and PX.

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